There are many unanswered questions about the population history of the Central and
South Central Andes, particularly regarding the impact of large-scale societies, such
as the Moche, Wari, Tiwanaku, and Inca.
We assembled genome-wide data on 89 individuals
dating from ∼9,000-500 years ago (BP), with a particular focus on the period of the
rise and fall of state societies.
Today’s genetic structure began to develop by 5,800
BP, followed by bi-directional gene flow between the North and South Highlands, and
between the Highlands and Coast.
We detect minimal admixture among neighboring groups
between ∼2,000–500 BP, although we do detect cosmopolitanism (people of diverse ancestries
living side-by-side) in the heartlands of the Tiwanaku and Inca polities. We also
highlight cases of long-range mobility connecting the Andes to Argentina and the Northwest
Andes to the Amazon Basin.
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